Amirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Performance of Bucket Foundation Resting on Sand Subjected To Vertical Load139148316610.22060/ajce.2018.14812.5498ENAbdolhoseinHaddadCivil Engineering faculty, Semnan UniversityRezaAminiCivil Engineering faculty, Semnan UniversityJournal Article20180809 In comparison with the monopile foundation, bucket foundation is an economical option to reduce the construction costs of offshore wind turbines. It is similar to a suction caisson, which is driven into the soil like an upside-down bucket. Various available scientific researches have stated that how the length of skirt affects the ultimate capacity (qult) of bucket foundations that are utilized for different kinds of offshore applications. The experiments and 3D FE analyses have been performed to assess the ultimate vertical load capacity (Vult) of bucket foundations. The experiments were conducted on loose sand and it shows that as the length of the skirt increases, the qult enhances. A conceptual relationship as a depth factor was suggested to estimate the Vult of bucket foundations on the sand with regard to embedment ratio and soil friction angle. The FE analysis results have shown that the inner soil in the bucket foundation approximately behaves as a rigid body under the vertical loading. Therefore, it might be supposed that with similar dimension, the qult of embedded and bucket foundation is close. Moreover, it was found that due to the increase in the slip line length of bucket foundation, the foundation failed in greater settlement than surface footing.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3166_5e6d27a7a8a8330df4b53240737ccc85.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Intelligent Mathematical Modeling of Discharge Coefficient of Nonlinear Weirs with Triangular Plan149156316410.22060/ajce.2018.14833.5500ENAmirHamzehHaghiabiProfessor, Water Engineering Department, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.AbbasParsaieWater Engineering Department0000-0001-7312-0634ZahraShamsiDepartment of Water and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Kerman, IranJournal Article20180815 In this study, the discharge coefficient (Cd) of non-linear weirs with a triangular plan was mathematically modeled using a group of method data handling (GMDH), genetic programming (GP) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) techniques. For this purpose, related datasets including parameters on Cd were collected from literature. These methods were selected since they are classified as smart function fitting (SFF) methods. The main advantages of SFF methods compared to other artificial intelligence methods are defining the most effective parameters on output and assigning more weights to them in mathematical expression process. Results of MARS indicated that this method with fifteen basic functions could achieve good accuracy for modeling and predicting Cd (R2= 0.98 and RMSE=0.024). Results of GMDH showed that this model includes two hidden layers and that there are five and four neurons at the first and second hidden layers, receptivity. Results of developed GP model declared that this model consists of three genes and has acceptable performance for modeling Cd. Evaluation of proficiency of utilized models with each other indicated that the best accuracy is related to MARS model. Calculating the discrepancy ratio index (DDR) shows that the minimum range of DDR is related to MARS model.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3164_98b17f068d5d9b7668e19fb8ae470841.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Determining Bearing Failure Modes of Jointed Rock Foundations Subjected to the Load of Strip Footings157166322810.22060/ajce.2019.14836.5502ENMeysamImaniGeotechnical Engineering Group, Amirkabir University of Technology, Garmsar Campus, Garmsar, IranAhmadFahimifarDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180815 The main prerequisite for choosing the best method of obtaining the ultimate bearing capacity of soils or rock masses is determining the probable failure mode that can occur beneath the footing. Most available methods for determining the bearing capacity of rock masses are based on general shear failure of the rock mass. But depending on the properties of the intact rock and the joint sets, other types of failure modes including local or punching shear failure may occur. In such conditions, using relations which are based on the general shear failure is not sufficiently precise. In this study, distinct element method was applied for performing wide sensitivity analyses on different intact rock and the joint sets characteristics; the range of occurrence of failure modes was investigated. Three types of failure modes including general shear failure, local shear failure, and punching shear failure were considered under the vertical load of a strip footing. Two perpendicular joint sets were considered for the jointed rock mass and different orientation angles and spacing were also taken into account for the joint sets. The obtained results showed that the shear strength properties of the intact rock and the joint sets, the elastic modulus of the intact rock and the orientation angle and spacing of the joints have a considerable effect on the mode of failure, while the normal and shear stiffness of the joint sets do not play an important role in the failure mode.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3228_040a99f23e8960763e680041c601acab.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Analysis of Chloride Diffusivity in Green Concrete Based on Fick’s Second Law167178311510.22060/ajce.2018.14893.5504ENHakimeAbbasloucivil engineering department, Sirjan university of technology, Sirjan, IranEhsanDelnavazCivil engineering department, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, IranAli RezaGhanizadehCivil engineering department, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, IranJournal Article20180827 The important factor that plays a significant role in preventing the entry of destructive elements into concrete is the cementitious composition of concrete. Moreover, reuse of agricultural wastes in concrete which called green concrete can replace materials used in the manufacturing of concrete and also reduce the negative effects on the environment, such as reduction of waste disposal and CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions. In this study, green concrete was produced with ash of Horsetail plant and Rice Husk residues containing a large amount of silicon as an additive with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%, replacing Portland cement in four different concrete mix designs. In order to investigate chloride penetration after concrete curing, the specimens were exposed to salinity levels of 0.7, 15 and 35 dS/m from one surface for 150 days with a 10 cm water head. In terms of concrete strength, the optimum percentage of plant ash was 15%. The results showed the trend diffusion coefficient of conventional concrete > green concrete- Horse-tail ash> green concrete-rice husk ash. Thus, green concrete, in addition to the appropriate strength specifications and reduction of environmental problems, also has a major role in the reduction of chloride ion penetration into areas exposed to solutions containing chloride ions.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3115_366f0bc7bd1d4bf414073cabbadfdfcd.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Artificial Neural Network and Optimization Algorithm to Improve Soil Resistance by Means of Aggregation Size Variation179186316810.22060/ajce.2018.14988.5512ENAhmadrezaMazaheriDepartment of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ayatollah Borujerdi University, Borujerd, IranFarshidJafarianFaculty of Engineering, Mahallat Institute of Higher Education, Mahallat, IranJournal Article20180916Nowadays, extensive researches are conducted on soil improvement and most of them are focused on the enhancement of soil strength properties. In this study, the aggregation of soil particles including Gravel, Sand, and Clay was investigated on soil resistance. To do this, the number of 25 different testing experiments were experimentally performed according to the Design of Experiment (DOE). The soil strength parameter was determined by means of direct shear tests on large samples. Based on the experimental results, the effect of aggregation size on shear strength was extensively investigated. To do this, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was employed to evaluate the effect of different combinations of soil particles on bearing capacity. To provide more precise predictive model, the ANN was trained using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). After that, the optimal condition of mix design with optimal load-bearing capacity was found by a hybrid strategy of EOA-ANN. It was obtained 1091.94 (KPa) that had not been reported using the experiments. To evaluate the reliability of the proposed method, a new experimental test was conducted based on the optimal parameters found by hybrid strategy and it was verified with corresponding estimated ones. At the end, very good agreement was reported between the new experiment and the optimal results. It shows that the employed intelligent method in this paper can be successfully used for the enhancement of soil properties in other investigations.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3168_ce393994e8cf430867408678d1a5a9c8.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Investigation of the Rheological Behavior and Properties of Modified Asphalt Binder with Nano Hydrated Lime187192316710.22060/ajce.2018.15083.5520ENAlirezaAzarhooshDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, IranGholam HosseinHamediDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, IranJournal Article20181003The common types of pavement distresses include: fatigue cracking and rutting. Some of the typical causes of pavement deterioration include: traffic loading; environment or climate influences; drainage deficiencies; materials quality problems; construction deficiencies; and external contributors, such as utility cuts. The most common method for decreasing these types of distress in asphalt mixtures is using suitable additives. Nanomaterials, in recent years, have been widely used to improve rheological properties of asphalt binder. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of nano hydrated lime, which is prepared from hydrated lime in a low-cost method using a planetary ball mill, on rheological behavior of asphalt binder. Therefore, in this research, the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test was used to determine the characteristics of control and modified asphalt binder at moderate and high temperatures. The bending beam rheometer (BBR) test was also used to determine their characteristics at low temperatures. The results indicated that the use of nano hydrated lime, especially in the amount of 10% (by weight of asphalt binder), increases the resistance to rutting fatigue cracking. Also, Modified asphalt binder at low temperatures based on the two creep stiffness parameter and m-value has a better performance than control asphalt binder.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3167_20c86a628232a67e7bd46f76fba7ce12.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Assessment of Data-driven Models in Downscaling of the Daily Temperature in Birjand Synoptic Station193200316910.22060/ajce.2018.15115.5522ENMehdiAmirabadizadehWater Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Birjand University. IranYousefRamezaniWater Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Birjand University. IranMohammadNazeri TahroudiPh.D Student, Department sciences and water engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-6871-2771Mohammad JavadZeynaliWater Engineering Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Birjand University. IranJournal Article20181009 In this study, seven models such as multivariate regression, Contemporaneous Autoregressive-Moving Average (CARMA), CARMA-ARCH (Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Genetic Programming (GP) were investigated to downscaling the maximum daily temperature of Birjand synoptic station using 26 predictor’s parameters that resulting from the fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report and compared. The max daily temperature values measured from 12/03/1961 until 20/12/2005. In all mentioned methods from 26 predictive parameters using the Pearson correlation test, 15 parameters were selected that have a high correlation with the max daily temperature values. The results of evaluating the accuracy and model indicated that from the same models such as GP, ANFIS and SVM, the GP model has the least amount of errors (about 4 °C) and in the regression models (multivariate regression and SVR), SVR have been lowest error rate (about 1 °C) and the highest accuracy in simulated max daily temperature values. The results of the investigation the error rate of the mentioned models indicated that after the SVR model, two CARMA and CARMA-ARCH stochastic models have high and acceptable accuracy about 97 percentages. In general, the results of the simulation the max daily temperature indicates the best accuracy of regression toward another methods. One of the reasons for the results of the SVR model is to optimize the parameters of the model using the ant colony algorithm for estimating the maximum temperature values of the Birjand synoptic station.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3169_7a98af17e63a0ac09ce2e96d03992fbc.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Proposed List of Significant Indicators for Iran Airport Construction Projects201212324210.22060/ajce.2019.15185.5524ENAbouzarSharifi ArkamiSemnan UniversityMohammad KazemSharbatdarSemnan UniversityJournal Article20181026 Airports are vital national resources that play a prominent role in the transportation of passengers and freight in domestic and international commerce. Airports authorities are vying to capture the lion’s share of the regional and global market while air travel is growing in popularity all over the globe, and mammoth projects are underway to keep up, new and expanded airports need to meet that rampant demand. The available sustainability tools and rating systems need to better incorporate the broader socioeconomic settings associated with the built environment, In other words, due to the lack of indigenous indicators, it is necessary to identify the significant indicators in this industry. This paper introduces significant assessment indicators (SAIs) for evaluating the sustainability performance of airport projects. A questionnaire survey among practitioners across the nation confirmed the necessity and identified priority Indicators of sustainability. Data for analyzing the significance of the assessment indicators collected through a questionnaire survey that given to three groups of experts, encompass government officials, professionals, and clients and Delphi method and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient method has used in this study to evaluate the data reliability. This paper demonstrates the importance of sustainability knowledge, indicators, as a positive step towards meeting Sustainability in airport projects. Finally, the authors presented 52 SAIs of airport construction projects according to Iran conditions that are consistent with the principles of sustainable development.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3242_032dd17b77fab7d51a476c5ff2b5659c.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201An EvolutionaryAlgorithm for Deriving Optimal Operating Policy Under Uncertainties for Tehran Multi-reservoir System213224324710.22060/ajce.2019.15254.5528ENFarzaneKaramiK.N. Toosi University of TechnologyAlireza BorhaniDarianeK.N. Toosi University of TechnologyJournal Article20181105Projecting future inflows under climate change and rapidly growing population has large uncertainty and requires serious attention for proper utilization of limited water resources. Existing algorithms can only optimize the operation policy for a specified scenario (e.g., drought, wet, or normal year; decreased or increased demands) and when established, the system would face serious operational difficulty if the expected scenario does not occur. On the other hand, most of water resources systems involve more than three objectives and demand proper techniques to handle computational complexities in so-called many-objective problems. This paper aims at providing a many-objective optimization algorithm using social choice (SC) and melody search (MeS) algorithms that is able to efficiently derive general system operation rules suitable for all possible future scenarios. In other words, the proposed algorithm overcomes uncertainties in the occurrence of future scenarios and works optimally regardless of future conditions; whether it be variable streamflows and/or increased water demands. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a system consisting of five reservoirs in the Tehran region with four objective functions. It is shown that in all cases the general multi-scenario rule derived by the proposed method performs as good as each of the operation rules derived for every specific scenario assuming the occurrence of that scenario. Moreover, the proposed many-objective algorithm is able to handle as many objectives as needed without any computational burden and/or algorithm complexity.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3247_ac45088df2e8d3cd2d8fbafceb920878.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201The Effect of Dimensional Change of Boundary Elements on the Response Modification Factor of the Steel Plate Shear Wall225232314310.22060/ajce.2018.15303.5532ENFarzadHatamiAmir Kabir University of Technology0000-0002-4860-4298NimaPaslarM. Sc. of Civil Engineering, Gheshm Unite, Azad Islamic UniversityJournal Article20181119 During the past few decades, steel plate shear wall (SPSW) has been used as a lateral load-bearing system in building construction; however, the wall boundary conditions have been considered symmetric and identical in most of the performed projects and researches. In this paper, the Response Modification Factor of this system, when the columns are non-identical, and the effect of changing the dimensions of each boundary element have been investigated. These wall models could be seen when architectural and facility limitations are governing in the design or in the seismic retrofitting of existing structures when boundary elements especially the columns are of non-identical dimensions. Moreover, the necessity of this investigation would be important concerning the role of the Response Modification Factor in seismic design of structures. In this study, the effect of changing the dimensions of boundary elements on the Response Modification Factor of steel plate shear wall was calculated using Uang’s method and Newmark & Hall’s method. The same study has also been performed on ductility, energy absorption, and ultimate strength.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3143_0afa92fc0f8a9cf051bf2961b06ac56b.pdfAmirkabir University of TechnologyAUT Journal of Civil Engineering2588-28993220191201Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Hybrid fibers on Lightweight Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars233242325210.22060/ajce.2019.15474.5542ENSeyedehsanVakiliPhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranPeymanHomamiKharazmi UniversityM. RezaEsfahaniFerdowsi University of Mashhad0000-0002-2655-2466Journal Article20181218 The main purpose of this study investigated the effects of hybrid use of micro glass fiber (GF), micro polypropylene fiber (PF) and macro steel fiber (SF) on the flexural capacity, energy absorption, ultimate load carrying, failure mode and ductility behavior of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWC) beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. A total of eight beams with a rectangular cross-section and 100 mm wide × 200 mm deep × 1500 mm long, were cast and tested up to failure under four-point bending. The correction factor (φ) calculated compared with American design codes of ACI 440.1R-06 and ISIS design manual No. 3. The φ factor for beams made of hybrid PF, SF into the LWC mixes (PSLWC) and reinforced with 0.9 ρfb; where ρfb is the balanced reinforcement ratio of the GFRP bars is approximately 1.38 times to the φ factor for beams made of hybrid GF, PF into the LWC mixes (GPLWC) and hybrid GF, SF added into the LWC mixes (GSLWC) that reinforced with 0.9 ρfb. The results experimental showed the ultimate load-carrying capacity increased 5% to 49%, with increasing reinforcement ratio from 0.9 ρfb to 1.4 ρfb. According to experimental observations, failure modes in the beams made of GPLWC, GSLWC and PSLWC also reinforced with 0.9 ρfb failure modes coincides with the failure modes ACI 440.1R-06. The results indicate that the use of GPLWC, GSLWC and PSLWC at beams reinforced with GFRP bars improves the flexural capacity, ultimate load carrying, energy absorption and ductility.https://ajce.aut.ac.ir/article_3252_1e3b21cb226c39b6aa4634f820b372f3.pdf