Effect of Combined Sulfate-Chloride Attack on Concrete Durability-A Review

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Chloride and sulfate ions damage the reinforced concrete in marine environment due to
the corrosion and formation of expansive products, respectively. Interaction of chloride-sulfate ions on
concrete deterioration is very complicated. Little research has been conducted in this respect.
In this study, the effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack and effect of sulfate ions on chloride attack were
reviewed. According to the results, contradictory reports were observed in studies. However, most of the
researchers believed that chloride ions mitigate the sulfate attack in combined chloride- sulfate solutions.
On the other hand, regarding the influence of sulfate ions on chloride attack, some of the researchers
reported the mitigating effect, but others referred to the accelerating effect. Tricalcium aluminate (C3A)
content, water to cement ratio (w/c), duration of submerging, corrosive ions concentrations, cation type,
type of pozzolan and its replacement are important parameters that could affect the concrete performance
against combined chloride-sulfate solution.

Highlights

[1] S.T. Lee, D.W. Park, K.Y. Ann, “Mitigating effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack of cement mortars with or without silica fume”, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 35 (2008) 1210-1220.

[2] Sulphate attack and chloride ion penetration: their role in concrete durability, QCL group technical note (1999)

[3] J. Stroh, B. Meng, F. Emmerling, “Deterioration of hardened cement paste under combined sulphate-chloride attack investigated by Synchrotron XRD”, Solid State Science, 56 (2016) 29-44.

[4] Z. Song, L. Jiang, J. Liu, J. Liu, “Influence of cation type on diffusion behavior of chloride ions in concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 99 (2015) 150-158.

[5] O.S.B. Al-Amoudi, Rasheeduzzafar, M. Maslehuddin, S.N. Abduljauwad, “Influence of chloride ions on sulphate deterioration in plain and blended cements”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 46(167) (1994) 113- 123.

[6] W.H. Harrison, “Effect of chloride in mix ingredients on sulphate resistance of concrete”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 42(152) (1990) 113-126.

[7] H.Y. Moon, S.T. Lee, H.S. Kim, S.S. Kim, “Evaluation on the resistance of Portland cement mortars due to chemical attack”, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 22 (2002) 181-191.

[8] O.S.B. Al-Amoudi, “Attack on plain and blended cements exposed to aggressive sulfate environments”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 24(3–4) (2002) 305-316.

[9] O.S.B. Al-Amoudi, Y.A.B. Abdu-Al, “Role of chloride ions on expansion and strength reduction in plain and blended cements in sulfate environments”, Construction and Building Materials, 9(1) (1995) 25-33.

[10] M. Ben-Yair, “The effect of chlorides on concrete in hot and arid regions”, Cement and Concrete Research, 4 (1974) 405-416.

[11] T. Chiker, S. Aggoun, H. Houari, R. Siddique, “Sodium sulfate and alternative combined sulfate/chloride action on ordinary and self-consolidating PLC-based concretes”, Construction and Building Materials, 106 (2016) 342-348.

[12] M. Maes, N., De-Belie, “Resistance of concrete and mortar against combined attack of chloride and sodium sulphate”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 53 (2014) 59-72.

[13] P.W. Brown, S. Badger, “The distributions of bound sulfates and chlorides in concrete subjected to mixed NaCl, MgSO4, Na2SO4 attack”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 30 (2000) 1535-1542.

[14] W. Kunther, B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, “Influence of bicarbonate ions on the deterioration of mortar bars in sulfate solutions”, Cement and Concrete Research, 44 (2013) 77-86.

[15] M. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. Lv, D. Wang, J. Ye, “Study on the expansion of concrete under attack of sulfate and sulfate-chloride ions”, Construction and Building Materials, 39 (2013) 26-32.

[16] N. Mavropoulou, N. Katsiotis, J. Giannakopoulos, K. Koutsodontis, D. Papageorgiou, E. Chaniotakis, M. Katsioti, P.E. Tsakiridis, “Durability evaluation of cement exposed to combined action of chloride and sulphate ions at elevated temperature: The role of limestone filler”, Construction and Building Materials, 124 (2016) 558- 565.

[17] H.A.F. Dehwah, M. Maslehuddin, S.A. Austin, “Long-term effect of sulfate ions and associated cation type on chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in Portland cement concretes”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 24 (2002) 17-25.

[18] J. Geng, D. Easterbrook, L.Y. Li, L.W. Mo, “The stability of bound chlorides in cement paste with sulfate attack”, Cement and Concrete Research, 68 (2015) 211- 222.

[19] P. Chindaprasirt, S. Homwuttiwong, V. Sirivivatnanon, “Influence of fly ash fineness on strength, drying shrinkage and sulfate resistance of blended cement mortar”, Cement and Concrete Research, 34(7) (2004) 1087-1092.

[20] M. Michel, J. Georgin, J. Ambroise, “Improving the mechanical performance of highgrade slag cement by the addition of Portland cement and sulfoaluminate cement”, Construction and Building Materials, 37 (2012) 291-300.

[21] K. De-Weerdt, D. Orasakova, M.R. Geiker, “The impact of sulphate and magnesium on chloride binding in Portland cement paste”, Cement and Concrete Research, 65 (2014) 30-40.

[22] J. Xu, C. Zhang, L. Jiang, L. Tang, G. Gao, Y. Xu, “Releases of bound chlorides from chloride-admixed plain and blended cement pastes subjected to sulfate attacks”, Construction and building Materials, 45 (2013) 53-59.

[23] P.J. Tumidajski, G.W. Chan, “Effect of Sulfate and Carbon Dioxide on Chloride Diffusivity”, Cement and Concrete Research, 26(4) (1996) 551-556.

[24] F. Shaheen, B. Pradhan, “Influence of sulfate ion and associated cation type on steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete powder aqueous solution in the presence of chloride ions”, Cement and Concrete Research, 91 (2017) 73-86.

[25] F. Shaheen, B. Pradhan, “Effect of chloride and conjoint chloride-sulfate ions on corrosion of reinforcing steel in electrolytic concrete powder solution (ECPS)”, Construction and Building Materials, 101 (2015) 99-112.

[26] G. Liu, Y. Zhang, Z. Ni, R. Huang, “Corrosion behavior of steel submitted to chloride and sulphate ions in simulated concrete pore solution”, Construction and Building Materials, 115 (2016) 1-5.

[27] Y. Kato, S. Naomachi, E. Kato, “Change in chloride penetration properties caused by reaction between sulfate ions and cement hydrates”, 2th international conference on concrete sustainability ICCS16, Madrid, 2016.

[28] J. Zuquan, S. Wei, Z. Yunsheng, J. Jinyang, L. Jianzhong, “Interaction between sulfate and chloride solution attack of concretes with and without fly ash”, Cement and Concrete Research, 37 (2007) 1223–1232.

[29] A. Merida, F. Kharchi, R. Chaid, “Measure of the Chloride Permeability of the Pozzolana concrete in Sulphate Middle”, Procedia- Social and behavorial Science, 195 (2015) 2668-2674.

[30] E. Riahi-Dehkordi, “Influence of sulphate on chloride attack in concrete mortars and effects of silica fume and Jajrood-trass on decreasing this attack”, MSc thesis, supervisor: A.A. Ramezanianpour, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran, Tehran, 2016.

[31] R.J. Kessler, R.G. Powers, E. Vivas, M.A. Paredes, Y.P. Virmani, “Surface resistivity as an indicator of concrete chloride penetration resistance”, Concrete Bridge Conference (CBC), St. Louis MO, USA, 2008.

[32] H. Liu, Q. Zhang, V. Li, H. Su, C. Gu, “Durability study on engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under sulfate and chloride environment”, Construction and Building Materials, 133 (2017) 171-181.

[33] M. Santhanam, M. Cohen, J. Olek, “Differentiating seawater and groundwater sulfate attack in Portland cement mortars”, Cement and Concrete Research, 36 (2006) 2132-2137.

[34] S.O. Ekolu, M.D.A. Thomas, R.D. Hooton, “Pessimum effect of externally applied chlorides on expansion due to delayed ettringite formation: proposed mechanism”, Cement and Concrete Research, 36 (2006) 688-696.

[35] B. Pradhan, “Corrosion behavior of steel reinforcement in concrete exposed to composite chloride–sulfate environment”, Construction and Building Materials, 72 (2014) 398-410.

Keywords

References

[1] S.T. Lee, D.W. Park, K.Y. Ann, “Mitigating effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack of cement mortars with or without silica fume”, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 35 (2008) 1210-1220.
[2] Sulphate attack and chloride ion penetration: their role in concrete durability, QCL group technical note (1999)
[3] J. Stroh, B. Meng, F. Emmerling, “Deterioration of hardened cement paste under combined sulphate-chloride attack investigated by Synchrotron XRD”, Solid State Science, 56 (2016) 29-44.
[4] Z. Song, L. Jiang, J. Liu, J. Liu, “Influence of cation type on diffusion behavior of chloride ions in concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 99 (2015) 150-158.
[5] O.S.B. Al-Amoudi, Rasheeduzzafar, M. Maslehuddin, S.N. Abduljauwad, “Influence of chloride ions on sulphate deterioration in plain and blended cements”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 46(167) (1994) 113- 123.
[6] W.H. Harrison, “Effect of chloride in mix ingredients on sulphate resistance of concrete”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 42(152) (1990) 113-126.
[7] H.Y. Moon, S.T. Lee, H.S. Kim, S.S. Kim, “Evaluation on the resistance of Portland cement mortars due to chemical attack”, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 22 (2002) 181-191.
[8] O.S.B. Al-Amoudi, “Attack on plain and blended cements exposed to aggressive sulfate environments”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 24(3–4) (2002) 305-316.
[9] O.S.B. Al-Amoudi, Y.A.B. Abdu-Al, “Role of chloride ions on expansion and strength reduction in plain and blended cements in sulfate environments”, Construction and Building Materials, 9(1) (1995) 25-33.
[10] M. Ben-Yair, “The effect of chlorides on concrete in hot and arid regions”, Cement and Concrete Research, 4 (1974) 405-416.
[11] T. Chiker, S. Aggoun, H. Houari, R. Siddique, “Sodium sulfate and alternative combined sulfate/chloride action on ordinary and self-consolidating PLC-based concretes”, Construction and Building Materials, 106 (2016) 342-348.
[12] M. Maes, N., De-Belie, “Resistance of concrete and mortar against combined attack of chloride and sodium sulphate”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 53 (2014) 59-72.
[13] P.W. Brown, S. Badger, “The distributions of bound sulfates and chlorides in concrete subjected to mixed NaCl, MgSO4, Na2SO4 attack”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 30 (2000) 1535-1542.
[14] W. Kunther, B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, “Influence of bicarbonate ions on the deterioration of mortar bars in sulfate solutions”, Cement and Concrete Research, 44 (2013) 77-86.
[15] M. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. Lv, D. Wang, J. Ye, “Study on the expansion of concrete under attack of sulfate and sulfate-chloride ions”, Construction and Building Materials, 39 (2013) 26-32.
[16] N. Mavropoulou, N. Katsiotis, J. Giannakopoulos, K. Koutsodontis, D. Papageorgiou, E. Chaniotakis, M. Katsioti, P.E. Tsakiridis, “Durability evaluation of cement exposed to combined action of chloride and sulphate ions at elevated temperature: The role of limestone filler”, Construction and Building Materials, 124 (2016) 558- 565.
[17] H.A.F. Dehwah, M. Maslehuddin, S.A. Austin, “Long-term effect of sulfate ions and associated cation type on chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in Portland cement concretes”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 24 (2002) 17-25.
[18] J. Geng, D. Easterbrook, L.Y. Li, L.W. Mo, “The stability of bound chlorides in cement paste with sulfate attack”, Cement and Concrete Research, 68 (2015) 211- 222.
[19] P. Chindaprasirt, S. Homwuttiwong, V. Sirivivatnanon, “Influence of fly ash fineness on strength, drying shrinkage and sulfate resistance of blended cement mortar”, Cement and Concrete Research, 34(7) (2004) 1087-1092.
[20] M. Michel, J. Georgin, J. Ambroise, “Improving the mechanical performance of highgrade slag cement by the addition of Portland cement and sulfoaluminate cement”, Construction and Building Materials, 37 (2012) 291-300.
[21] K. De-Weerdt, D. Orasakova, M.R. Geiker, “The impact of sulphate and magnesium on chloride binding in Portland cement paste”, Cement and Concrete Research, 65 (2014) 30-40.
[22] J. Xu, C. Zhang, L. Jiang, L. Tang, G. Gao, Y. Xu, “Releases of bound chlorides from chloride-admixed plain and blended cement pastes subjected to sulfate attacks”, Construction and building Materials, 45 (2013) 53-59.
[23] P.J. Tumidajski, G.W. Chan, “Effect of Sulfate and Carbon Dioxide on Chloride Diffusivity”, Cement and Concrete Research, 26(4) (1996) 551-556.
[24] F. Shaheen, B. Pradhan, “Influence of sulfate ion and associated cation type on steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete powder aqueous solution in the presence of chloride ions”, Cement and Concrete Research, 91 (2017) 73-86.
[25] F. Shaheen, B. Pradhan, “Effect of chloride and conjoint chloride-sulfate ions on corrosion of reinforcing steel in electrolytic concrete powder solution (ECPS)”, Construction and Building Materials, 101 (2015) 99-112.
[26] G. Liu, Y. Zhang, Z. Ni, R. Huang, “Corrosion behavior of steel submitted to chloride and sulphate ions in simulated concrete pore solution”, Construction and Building Materials, 115 (2016) 1-5.
[27] Y. Kato, S. Naomachi, E. Kato, “Change in chloride penetration properties caused by reaction between sulfate ions and cement hydrates”, 2th international conference on concrete sustainability ICCS16, Madrid, 2016.
[28] J. Zuquan, S. Wei, Z. Yunsheng, J. Jinyang, L. Jianzhong, “Interaction between sulfate and chloride solution attack of concretes with and without fly ash”, Cement and Concrete Research, 37 (2007) 1223–1232.
[29] A. Merida, F. Kharchi, R. Chaid, “Measure of the Chloride Permeability of the Pozzolana concrete in Sulphate Middle”, Procedia- Social and behavorial Science, 195 (2015) 2668-2674.
[30] E. Riahi-Dehkordi, “Influence of sulphate on chloride attack in concrete mortars and effects of silica fume and Jajrood-trass on decreasing this attack”, MSc thesis, supervisor: A.A. Ramezanianpour, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran, Tehran, 2016.
[31] R.J. Kessler, R.G. Powers, E. Vivas, M.A. Paredes, Y.P. Virmani, “Surface resistivity as an indicator of concrete chloride penetration resistance”, Concrete Bridge Conference (CBC), St. Louis MO, USA, 2008.
[32] H. Liu, Q. Zhang, V. Li, H. Su, C. Gu, “Durability study on engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under sulfate and chloride environment”, Construction and Building Materials, 133 (2017) 171-181.
[33] M. Santhanam, M. Cohen, J. Olek, “Differentiating seawater and groundwater sulfate attack in Portland cement mortars”, Cement and Concrete Research, 36 (2006) 2132-2137.
[34] S.O. Ekolu, M.D.A. Thomas, R.D. Hooton, “Pessimum effect of externally applied chlorides on expansion due to delayed ettringite formation: proposed mechanism”, Cement and Concrete Research, 36 (2006) 688-696.
[35] B. Pradhan, “Corrosion behavior of steel reinforcement in concrete exposed to composite chloride–sulfate environment”, Construction and Building Materials, 72 (2014) 398-410.
AUT Journal of Civil Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 2
December 2017
Pages 103-110

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics