Effect of using Calcined Clays, Silica Fume, and Limestone Powder on the Compressive Strength and Chloride Binding Capacity of Cementitious Pastes

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Chloride ions ingress is one of the major reasons for the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, particularly those exposed to marine environments. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) has been introduced by many researchers as a practical approach to reducing corrosion of embedded steel caused by chloride ions penetration. In addition to the effects of SCM on transfer properties of cement-based materials, their influence on the binders' chloride binding capacity should be studied to evaluate the durability of mixtures against chloride attack. In this investigation, the chloride binding capacity of pastes containing silica fume (SF), limestone powder (LS), and three samples of calcined clays (CC) as SCMs, have been compared with Portland cement (PC) paste. The chloride binding capacity has been measured by the equilibrium method for samples submerged in different concentrations of NaCl solution (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, and 2 molars) for 42 days. Furthermore, compressive strength tests after 7, 28, and 90 days of curing, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Friedel’s salt (FS) quantification by thermogravimetric analysis have been carried out. Results indicated that by increasing the kaolinite contents of raw clays, the chloride binding capacity and FS amounts of samples submerged in 2 M NaCl solution have been increased up to 242.5 and 169.5%, respectively. While samples with LS and SF had generally lower chloride binding capacity than PC paste. The 10% replacement of PC by SF and LS led to 37.5% and 9.8% lower formation of FS in samples submerged in 2 M NaCl solution. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. K. Mehta, P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: microstructure, properties, and materials, McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
  2. Luping, L.-O. Nilsson, Chloride binding capacity and binding isotherms of OPC pastes and mortars, Cement and concrete research, 23(2) (1993) 247-253.
  3. Ipavec, T. Vuk, R. Gabrovšek, V. Kaučič, Chloride binding into hydrated blended cements: The influence of limestone and alkalinity, Cement and Concrete Research, 48 (2013) 74-85.
  4. Yuan, C. Shi, G. De Schutter, K. Audenaert, D. Deng, Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment–a review, Construction and building materials, 23(1) (2009) 1-13.
  5. Kazemian, S. Sedighi, A.A. Ramezanianpour, F. Bahman‐Zadeh, A.M. Ramezanianpour, Effects of cyclic carbonation and chloride ingress on durability properties of mortars containing Trass and Pumice natural pozzolans, Structural Concrete, (2021).
  6. A. Gruber, T. Ramlochan, A. Boddy, R.D. Hooton, M.D.A. Thomas, Increasing concrete durability with high-reactivity metakaolin, Cement and concrete composites, 23(6) (2001) 479-484.
  7. Zahedi, A.A. Ramezanianpour, A.M. Ramezanianpour, Evaluation of the mechanical properties and durability of cement mortars containing nanosilica and rice husk ash under chloride ion penetration, Construction and Building Materials, 78 (2015) 354-361.
  8. D.A. Thomas, R.D. Hooton, A. Scott, H. Zibara, The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on chloride binding in hardened cement paste, Cement and Concrete Research, 42(1) (2012) 1-7.
  9. Chang, Chloride binding capacity of pastes influenced by carbonation under three conditions, Cement and Concrete Composites, 84 (2017) 1-9.
  10. Gbozee, K. Zheng, F. He, X. Zeng, The influence of aluminum from metakaolin on chemical binding of chloride ions in hydrated cement pastes, Applied Clay Science, 158 (2018) 186-194.
  11. Machner, M. Zajac, M.B. Haha, K.O. Kjellsen, M.R. Geiker, K. De Weerdt, Chloride-binding capacity of hydrotalcite in cement pastes containing dolomite and metakaolin, Cement and Concrete Research, 107 (2018) 163-181.
  12. Sabir, S. Wild, J. Bai, Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review, Cement and concrete composites, 23(6) (2001) 441-454.
  13. L. Scrivener, Options for the future of cement, Indian Concr. J, 88(7) (2014) 11-21.
  14. A. Ramezanianpour, Cement replacement materials, Springer Geochemistry/Mineralogy, DOI, 10 (2014) 978-973.
  15. Du, S. Dai Pang, High-performance concrete incorporating calcined kaolin clay and limestone as cement substitute, Construction and Building Materials, 264 (2020) 120152.
  16. Alujas, R. Fernández, R. Quintana, K.L. Scrivener, F. Martirena, Pozzolanic reactivity of low grade kaolinitic clays: Influence of calcination temperature and impact of calcination products on OPC hydration, Applied Clay Science, 108 (2015) 94-101.
  17. Du, S. Dai Pang, Value-added utilization of marine clay as cement replacement for sustainable concrete production, Journal of Cleaner Production, 198 (2018) 867-873.
  18. Avet, K. Scrivener, Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), Cement and Concrete Research, 107 (2018) 124-135.
  19. Zunino, K. Scrivener, The reaction between metakaolin and limestone and its effect in porosity refinement and mechanical properties, Cement and Concrete Research, 140 (2021) 106307.
  20. Scrivener, R. Snellings, B. Lothenbach, A practical guide to microstructural analysis of cementitious materials, CRC Press, 2018.
  21. ASTM C311 / C311M-18, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete in, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
  22. ASTM C1437-20, Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar, in, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020.
  23. EN 197-1, The new European standard on common cements specifications in, European Standard, 2011.
  24. ASTM C305-20, Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency, in, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020.
  25. Snellings, J. Chwast, Ö. Cizer, N. De Belie, Y. Dhandapani, P. Durdzinski, J. Elsen, J. Haufe, D. Hooton, C. Patapy, RILEM TC-238 SCM recommendation on hydration stoppage by solvent exchange for the study of hydrate assemblages, Materials and Structures, 51(6) (2018) 1-4.
  26. L. Page, M.M. Page, Durability of concrete and cement composites, Elsevier, 2007.
  27. Hawkins, P.D. Tennis, R.J. Detwiler, The use of limestone in Portland cement: a state-of-the-art review, Portland Cement Association, 1996.
  28. Lothenbach, G. Le Saout, E. Gallucci, K. Scrivener, Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements, Cement and Concrete Research, 38(6) (2008) 848-860.
  29. Guo, T. Zhang, W. Tian, J. Wei, Q. Yu, Physically and chemically bound chlorides in hydrated cement pastes: A comparison study of the effects of silica fume and metakaolin, Journal of Materials Science, 54(3) (2019) 2152-2169.
  30. Thomas, R. Hooton, A. Scott, H. Zibara, The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on chloride binding in hardened cement paste, Cement and Concrete Research, 42(1) (2012) 1-7.
  31. Martın-Pérez, H. Zibara, R. Hooton, M. Thomas, A study of the effect of chloride binding on service life predictions, Cement and Concrete Research, 30(8) (2000) 1215-1223.
  32. Maraghechi, F. Avet, K. Scrivener, Diffusion And Interactions of Chloride Ions with Ternary Blends of Portland Cement-Limestone-Calcined Clay Binders, in: International conference on advances in construction materials and systems, 2017, pp. 173.
AUT Journal of Civil Engineering
Volume 5, Issue 4
December 2021
Pages 675-684

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics