Lateral Stiffness and Bending Moment Changes along Piles Having Different Sections in Loose Sand Subjected to Cyclic Lateral Loading

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Two-way cyclic lateral loading tests with constant displacement amplitude were performed on model piles in the sand to investigate the effects of cross-section geometry and modulus of elasticity on their behavior. The tested model pile sections included one square and three circular shapes and were made of polyethylene and polyurethane materials. The frequency of the cyclic loading was 0.29 Hz and the total number of loading cycles was 145 for all the tests. The model piles were tested in a metal test tank equipped with various facilities including a cyclic lateral loading system, devices to measure displacement and pressure along with the pile, an inverter to adjust or change loading frequency, a sand raining system, etc. Test results indicated that, from a global point of view, the soil modulus of lateral subgrade reaction and maximum moment developed in the pile increases with the number of loading cycles; however, the rate of increase gradually decreases. These variations may be formulated using a logarithmic relationship which includes a degradation parameter that reflects the rate of the mentioned decrease. It was also concluded that the cyclic effects are more significant for the lateral load resistance and stiffness than for the moment. The maximum moment at the 145th cycle for piles with various section geometries and elasticity moduli varied from 1.10 to 1.18 times the value obtained in the first cycle. Depending on the section shape and dimension, cyclic loading can increase the lateral stiffness of the soil at depths shallower than about 6.2 to 9.3 times the pile diameter.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Leblanc, G.T. Houlsby, and B.W. Byrne, Response of stiff piles in sand to long-term cyclic lateral loading, Geotechnique, 60 (2) (2010) 79-90.
  2. H. Long, G. Vanneste, Effects of cyclic lateral loads on piles in sand, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120 (1) (1994) 225-44.
  3. S. Lin, and J.C. Liao, Permanent strains of piles in sand due to cyclic lateral loads, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(9) (1999) 789-802.
  4. Rosquoet, L. Thorel, J. Garnier and Y. Canepa, Lateral cyclic loading of sand-installed piles, Soils and Foundations, 47 (5) (2007) 821-832.
  5. T. Klinkvort, and O. Hededal, Lateral response of monopile supporting an offshore wind Turbine, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical Engineering, 166(2) (2013) 147-158.
  6. API, Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platform, Working stress design, RP 2A-WSD, Washington, American Petroleum Institute, (2010).
  7. DNV, Rules for the design, construction, and inspection of offshore structures, Det Norske Veritas, Hovek, Norway, (1977).
  8. C. Reese, W.R. Cox, and F.D. Koop, Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand, Proceeding of 6th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. 2, Houston, (1974) 473-484.
  9. A. Bartolomey, Forecast sediment pile foundations, Moskva, Stroiizdat, (1994) 390.
  10. Lesny, and P. Hinz Investigation of monopole behavior under cyclic lateral loading, In Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics, London, (2007) 383-390.
  11. Achmus, Y. Kuo, and K. Abdel-Rahman, Behaviour of monopile foundations under cyclic lateral load, Computers and Geotechnics, 36(5) (2009) 725-735.
  12. Rudolph, B. Bienen, and J. Grabe, Effect of variation of the loading direction on the displacement accumulation of large-diameter piles under cyclic lateral loading in sand, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51(10) (2014) 1196-1206.
  13. Vahabkashi, A. Rahai, and A. Amirshahkarami, Lateral behavior of piles with different cross-sectional shapes under lateral cyclic loads in granular layered soils, International Journal of Civil Engineering, Transaction A: Civil Engineering, 12(1) (2014) 112-121.
  14. Vahabkashi, and A. Rahai, Pile head displacements with different cross-sectional shapes under lateral loading and unloading in granular soils, Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering, 22(3) (2015) 629-638.
  15. Truong, and B.M. Lehane, Effects of pile shape and pile end condition on the lateral response of displacement piles in soft clay, Géotechnique, 68(9) (2018) 794-804.
  16. N. Abadie, B.W. Byrne, and G.T. Houlsby, Rigid pile response to cyclic lateral loading: laboratory tests, Géotechnique, 69(10) (2019) 863-876.
  17. Frick, and M. Achmus, Model tests on the behavior of monopiles under general cyclic lateral loading, 2nd International Conference on Natural Hazards & Infrastructure, Chania, Greece, (2019).
  18. Darvishi Alamouti, M. Moradi, M.R. Bahaari, Centrifuge modeling of monopiles subjected to lateral loading, Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering, 26(6) (2019) 3109-3124.
  19. Qin, and W. Guo, Response of static and cyclic laterally loaded rigid piles in sand, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 34 (2) (2016) 138-153.
  20. Peng, B.G. Clarke, M. Rouainia, Increasing the resistance of piles subject to cyclic lateral loading, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(10) (2011) 977–982.
  21. T. Klinkvort, O. Hededal, and S.M. Springman, Scaling issues in centrifuge modeling of monopoles, International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 13(2) (2013) 38-49.
  22. S. Chiou, Z.W. Xu, C.C. Tsai, & J.H. Hwang, Lateral cyclic response of an aluminum model pile in sand, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 36(5) (2018) 554-563.
  23. Faresghoshooni, S.m.R. Imam, and A. Mahmoodi, Model testing on the effects of section geometry and stiffness on the cyclic lateral behavior of piles in loose sand, International Journal of Civil Engineering, (2020) 1-19.
  24. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), ASTM D 2487, (2017).
  25. Matlock, and L.C. Reese, Generalized solutions for laterally loaded piles, Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 127(1) (1962) 1220-1247.
  26. Briaud, T. Smith, and L. Tucker, A pressuremeter method for laterally loaded piles, Proceeding of the eleventh international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, San Francisco, (1985) 1353-1356.
  27. Garnier, Advances in lateral cyclic pile design, Contribution of the SOLCYP project, Proceedings of the TC 209 Work-shop, 18th ICSMGE-Design for Cyclic Loading: Piles and Other Foundations, Paris, (2013) 59-68.
  28. S. Chiou, and C.H. Chen, Exact equivalent model for a laterally loaded liner pile-soil system, Soil and foundations, 47(6) (2007) 1053-61.
  29. M. Wood, Geotechnical modeling, Version 2.2, (2004), CRC Press.
AUT Journal of Civil Engineering
Volume 5, Issue 4
December 2021
Pages 643-656

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics