The Effect of GGBFS with Steel and Carbon Fibers on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Concrete

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Rahman Institute of Higher Education, Ramsar, Iran.

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Kadous Institute of Higher Education, Rasht, Iran.

3 Department of Civil Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

The present study evaluates the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) with steel and carbon fibers on concrete's mechanical properties and durability. To this end, the effect of GGBFS at weight percentages of 30, 40, and 50%, steel fibers at 0.5, 1, and 1.5%, and carbon fibers at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% were assessed. Additionally, fresh and hardened concrete densities and fresh concrete slump values were determined. Compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths, as well as an abrasion test (100, 200, and 300 cycles), were used to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete at 28 and 90 days of age. Furthermore, the water absorption percentage of the specimens was evaluated at 90 days. The results indicated that the maximum slump reduction was observed in the specimen with 50% GGBFS, along with 1.5% steel fiber and 0.6% carbon fiber. Specimens containing 50% GGBFS alternative, 1.5% steel fiber, and 0.4% carbon fiber had the highest compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and lowest water absorption percentage. The optimum level of GGBFS, steel, and carbon fibers content in terms of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and water absorption were found to be 50, 1.5, and 0.4%, respectively. Also, the flexural strengths of the optimal mixing design were 5.62 and 6.12 MPa at the ages of 28 and 90 days, respectively. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of concrete containing GGBFS. SEM images of the concrete containing GGBFS revealed dense microstructures.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Hwang, C.L. and Lin, C.Y. "Strength development of blended blast‐furnace slag‐cement mortars", Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 9(3), (1986), 233-239.
  2. Pal, S.C., Mukherjee, A., Pathak, S.R. "Investigation of hydraulic activity of ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete", Cement and concrete research, 33(9), (2003), 1481-1486.
  3. Johari, M.M., Brooks, J.J., Kabir, S., Rivard, P. "Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on engineering properties of high strength concrete", Construction and Building Materials, 25(5), (2011), 2639-2648.
  4. Boukendakdji, O., Kadri, E.H., Kenai, S. "Effects of granulated blast furnace slag and superplasticizer type on the fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete", Cement and concrete composites, 34(4), (2012), 583-590.
  5. Atiş, C.D., Bilim, C. "Wet and dry cured compressive strength of concrete containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag", Building and Environment, 42(8), (2007), 3060-3065.
  6. Gholampour, A., Ozbakkaloglu, T. "Performance of sustainable concretes containing very high volume Class-F fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag", Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, (2017), 1407-1417.
  7. Berndt, M.L. "Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled concrete aggregate", Construction and Building Materials, 23(7), (2009), 2606-2613.
  8. Wang, H.Y., Lin, C.C. "A study of fresh and engineering properties of self-compacting high slag concrete (SCHSC) ", Construction and Building Materials, 42, (2013), 132-136.
  9. Ashish, D.K., Singh, B., Verma, S.K. "The effect of attack of chloride and sulphate on ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete", Advances in concrete construction, 4(2), (2016), 107-121.
  10. Ghazy, M.F., Abd Elaty, M.A., Zalhaf, N.M. "Mechanical Properties of HPC Incorporating Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag After Exposure to High Temperatures", Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 66(3), (2022), pp.761-774.
  11. Park, S.J., Seo, M.K., Shim, H.B., Rhee, K.Y. "Effect of different cross-section types on mechanical properties of carbon fibers-reinforced cement composites", Materials Science and Engineering: A, 366(2), (2004), 348-355.
  12. Garcés, P., Fraile, J., Vilaplana-Ortego, E., Cazorla-Amorós, D., Alcocel, E.G., Andión, L.G. "Effect of carbon fibres on the mechanical proIvorperties and corrosion levels of reinforced portland cement mortars", Cement and concrete research, 35(2), (2005), 324-331.
  13. Yao, W., Li, J., Wu, K. "Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete at low fiber volume fraction" Cement and concrete research, 33(1), (2003), 27-30.
  14. Giner, V.T., Baeza, F.J., Ivorra, S., Zornoza, E., Galao, O. "Effect of steel and carbon fiber additions on the dynamic properties of concrete containing silica fume", Materials & Design, 34, (2012), 332-339.
  15. Ivorra, S., Garcés, P., Catalá, G., Andión, L.G., Zornoza, E. "Effect of silica fume particle size on mechanical properties of short carbon fiber reinforced concrete", Materials & Design, 31(3), (2010), 1553-1558.
  16. Wang, C., Li, K.Z., Li, H.J., Jiao, G.S., Lu, J., Hou, D.S. "Effect of carbon fiber dispersion on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced cement-based composites", Materials Science and Engineering: A, 487(1-2), (2008), 52-57.
  17. Cucchiara, C., La Mendola, L., Papia, M. "Effectiveness of stirrups and steel fibres as shear reinforcement", Cement and concrete composites, 26(7), (2004), 777-786.
  18. Mo, K.H., Chin, T.S., Alengaram, U.J., Jumaat, M.Z. "Material and structural properties of waste-oil palm shell concrete incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace slag reinforced with low-volume steel fibres", Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, (2016), 414-426.
  19. Ghanem, S.Y., Bowling, J. "Mechanical Properties of Carbon-Fiber–Reinforced Concrete", Advances in Civil. Engineering Materials, 8(3), (2019), 224-234.
  20. ASTM C150-05, Standard specification for Portland cement. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2005).
  21. ASTM C494/C494M-04. Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2004).
  22. ACI 211.1. Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal. Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete, American Concrete Institute, (2002).
  23. BS EN 12390-3. Testing Hardened Concrete. Compressive Strength of Test Specimens. British Standards, London, UK, (2009).
  24. ASTM C496/C496M-11. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2011).
  25. ASTM, C1609/C1609M-19a. Standard test method for flexural performance of fiber-reinforced concrete (using beam with third-point loading), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2019).
  26. BS EN 1338. Concrete paving blocks. Requirements and test methods. British Standards, London, UK, (2003).
  27. ASTM C642-13. Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2013).
  28. ASTM C143/C143M-03. Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2003).
  29. Siddique, R., Kaur, D. "Properties of concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) at elevated temperatures", Journal of Advanced Research, 3(1), (2012), 45-51.
  30. Collins, F.G., Sanjayan, J.G. "Workability and mechanical properties of alkali activated slag concrete", Cement and concrete research, 29(3), (1999), 455-458.
  31. ASTM C138/C138M-16a. Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield, and air content (gravimetric) of concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2016).
  32. Zhao, H., Sun, W., Wu, X., Gao, B. "The properties of the self-compacting concrete with fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag mineral admixtures", Journal of Cleaner Production, 95, (2015), 66-74.
  33. Lilkov, V., Stoitchkov, V. "Effect of the “Pozzolit” active mineral admixture on the properties of cement mortars and concretes Part 2: Pozzolanic activity", Cement and concrete research, 26(7), (1996), 1073-1081.
  34. Nehdi, M.L., Summer, J. "Optimization of ternary cementitious mortar blends using factorial experimental plans", Materials and Structures, 35(8), (2002), 495-503.
  35. Barnett, S.J., Soutsos, M.N., Millard, S.G., Bungey, J.H. "Strength development of mortars containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag: Effect of curing temperature and determination of apparent activation energies", Cement and concrete research, 36(3), (2006), 434-440.
  36. Oner, A., Akyuz, S. "An experimental study on optimum usage of GGBS for the compressive strength of concrete", Cement and concrete composites, 29(6), (2007), 505-514.
  37. Gesoğlu, M., Özbay, E. "Effects of mineral admixtures on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concretes: binary, ternary and quaternary systems", Materials and Structures, 40(9), (2007), 923-937.
  38. Güneyisi, E., Gesoğlu, M. "A study on durability properties of high-performance concretes incorporating high replacement levels of slag", Materials and Structures, 41(3), (2008), 479-493.
  39. Aghaeipour, A., Madhkhan, M. "Effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on mechanical properties of roller-compacted concrete pavement", Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 48(4), (2020), 2786-2802.
  40. Gao, D., Yan, D., Li, X. "Splitting strength of GGBFS concrete incorporating with steel fiber and polypropylene fiber after exposure to elevated temperatures", Fire Safety Journal, 54, (2012), 67-73.
  41. Sivasundaram, V., Malhotra, V.M. "Properties of concrete incorporating low quantity of cement and high volumes of ground granulated slag", Materials Journal, 89(6), (1992), 554-563.
  42. Khatib, J.M., Hibbert, J.J. "Selected engineering properties of concrete incorporating slag and metakaolin", Construction and Building Materials, 19(6), (2005), 460-472.
  43. Ozbay, E., Lachemi, M., Sevim, U.K. "Compressive strength, abrasion resistance and energy absorption capacity of rubberized concretes with and without slag", Materials and Structures, 44(7), (2011), 1297-1307.
  44. CEB-FIP, M. Design of concrete structures. CEB-FIP Model Code 1990, British Standard, London, UK, (1993).
AUT Journal of Civil Engineering
Volume 6, Issue 2
June 2022
Pages 319-336

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics